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香港抗议者的“顽强”策略是如何让中国警方困惑

2019-09-05 18:09  美国新闻网  -  3277

 

起初反对引渡立法的抗议演变成了一场为香港未来的史诗般的斗争。

在这座城市闪闪发光的摩天大楼、国际企业总部和豪华酒店中,数百万人不顾中国大陆的影响走上街头。

香港的独特地位——在1997年从英国移交给中国时获得——长期以来一直是一个政治热点,无论是在相对平静的时期还是在反政府和亲民主的异见时期,都是潜在的。

“一国两制”协议给予香港居民内地同胞所没有的个人和政治自由。然而,移交协议只保证这些权利到2047年。

当时韦斯特希望全球市场和更大繁荣的诱惑将把中国政府拉向自由主义,甚至民主。这种希望被证明是错误的。在习近平主席的领导下,中国准备打造一条通往超级大国地位的道路,其国内权力由一党专政的监督国家保障。

香港的抗议者似乎正在打一场失败的仗。该领土每年都是对中国经济增长不太重要随着上海、北京等大城市变得越来越有吸引力。尽管有来自国外的热情话语,但没有一个国家愿意在北京方面称之为国内争端的问题上冒险与中国发展关系。

但活动人士的数量、韧性和独创性令香港和中国政府感到惊讶。街头抗议运动很少得到如此好的协调、供应或持续。

Hong Kong, protesters, police, tactics, lasers
2019年8月31日,中国香港金钟区,抗议者在冲突中发射激光指示器。郭海昌/盖蒂图片社/盖蒂

高科技,低科技

鉴于示威活动没有明确的领导人,所有这一切更令人印象深刻。这场运动有机生长,通过像LIKG这样的在线论坛传播——类似于Reddit——以及在加密电报消息应用程序上的群聊。

一些较大的电报组有数万名成员。用户共享新闻更新、警察部署信息、逃生路线和抗议目标。对于不同的目标有不同的聊天,允许大量的积极分子独立工作。

该应用的投票功能允许用户立即投票决定是留在示威现场还是解散。例如,上个月,《电讯报》上的抗议者进行了投票79%的人赞成以香港国际机场为目标,迫使数百个航班取消。

香港作家兼律师称,抗议者已经开发出一套简单而有效的手势系统,在街头冲突的混乱中相互交流安东尼·达皮兰。

不同的标志可以表明需要头盔、水、盐溶液、剪刀或雨伞等。这在某种程度上解释了为什么示威者似乎总是拥有他们所需要的一切,以及供应团队总是在需要的地方的神秘能力。

抗议期间,示威者使用复杂的手势和协调系统来组织群众。pic.twitter.com/uOJ5dvAP2w

海莉·威利斯2019年8月10日

“成为水”

正如电影明星李小龙曾经说过的,所有这一切意味着抗议者可以“像水一样无形、无形”。激进分子避开了过去抗议运动的占领策略,而是定期、突然和有效地行动。警方一直在努力锁定他们,并对不同地区的同时行动做出反应。这导致一些观察家将这次骚乱称为水革命。"

2014年雨伞运动因为其日常生活的中断在香港。最终,人们厌倦了无法进入市中心的某些区域。然而,这次不同了。周期性的破坏要好得多,改变目标意味着混乱会四处蔓延。

宾夕法尼亚大学法学院教授、中国法律和政治专家雅克·迪利尔(Jacques deLisle)表示,这场运动的持续引人注目,“尽管[港政府采取了严厉措施,北京方面也发出了威胁。”

“当水”似乎比占领更有效。“也许是因为他们从沮丧的公众那里产生的反作用较少,也许是因为他们对参与者的要求较少,也许是因为他们不太容易被阻止,”迪利尔建议道。

Rachel Yeo一名报道当地抗议活动的当地记者解释说新闻周刊由于“没有一个人下达命令”,这也降低了个别示威者被捕的风险,同时提高了他们的整体实力。

活动家们也从政府迫害伞式运动的领导人中吸取了教训。然后,人群会更容易露面。但考虑到这些领导人和中国政府被判的徒刑监控能力杨说,今天游行者使用面具、太阳镜、帽子和其他服装来“尽可能多地”隐藏他们的身份

然而,这种分散的运动使得警察很难将蛇头砍掉警察瞄准了领导人来扼杀他们的势头。

例如,支持民主的激进分子乔舒亚·王(Joshua Wong)是雨伞运动的杰出领导人,直到最近才从监狱释放。保释后,黄他说,警察把他和其他支持民主的倡导者诬陷为“反引渡法案抗议的领导者”是“荒谬的”

Hong Kong, protesters, tear gas, police
2019年8月5日,在香港的一次大罢工中,抗议者将水倒在金钟地区警方发射的装有催泪瓦斯的交通锥上。安东尼·华莱士/法新社/盖蒂图片社/盖蒂

在前线

事实上,香港当局似乎被这场运动弄得措手不及。“他们似乎没有预料到抗议者的坚韧和适应性,”迪利尔解释道。

他补充说:“这从他们对新策略的被动寻求和他们采取的野蛮措施中可以明显看出,有时他们表现得似乎很惊慌,这极大地损害了香港警方一度高度正面的声誉。”。

群龙无首的人群已经证明了他们擅长与香港警察部队作战。在几个月的时间里,香港警察部队已经从香港受人尊敬的象征变成了抗议者中受鄙视的机构。

随着骚乱的持续,警察人数增加了越来越暴力。胡椒喷雾、警棍炸药、催泪瓦斯、水炮、豆袋子弹和橡皮子弹都被用来对付人群。

催泪弹——有时据称是在不遵守法律安全要求的情况下发射的——尤其是,已经成为一种不用直接参与就能疏散人群的受欢迎的方法。

抗议者用快速反应策略扼杀了这种强有力的化学武器,令社交媒体用户感到惊讶。激进分子组织了由所谓的“消防员”组成的小团队,他们手持水、交通锥和面罩,在前线后方等候。

当一个气体炮弹落地时,他们向前冲,把锥形物放在圆形物上。然后,他们将水从圆锥体顶部的开口处倒下来,浇灭外壳,同时含有大量气体。手持水瓶和烧瓶的个人也取得了同样的成就,把贝壳放进容器里在把用过的子弹倒回街上之前解除他们的武装。

香港人处理催泪瓦斯的方式真的很棒。# antiTelab #香港抗议#BeWater pic.twitter.com/ptWL4nKHn4

——亚历克斯·霍夫德(@alexhofford)2019年7月28日

我和其他人看到了这个,并把它发了出去,说这个坏蛋抗议者用液氮来破坏催泪瓦斯罐。

这一信息是不正确的,显然只是泥浆,这是一个好消息,因为这要容易得多。

pic.twitter.com/a0cj8VX1fq

——约书亚·碳酸钾·ðÿ†˜2019年9月3日

这促使出现了所谓的”前线“—年轻的活动分子携带基本上是简陋的武器,带着打击警察和保护游行者的明确目的走上前线。无论是投掷燃烧瓶,设置路障还是摧毁面部识别相机前线是矛的尖端。

当警察靠近时,抗议者从桥上扔汽油弹,警察发射催泪瓦斯作为回应。pic.twitter.com/Cw3xIMzoEc

安东尼·达皮兰2019年8月31日
 

杨解释说:“尽管有暴力事件,他们的勇敢还是受到了其他民主支持者的普遍赞扬。”。“另一方面,他们也因犯下非法行为而受到警察/政府支持者的批评。”这些是被政府如此诽谤的“暴徒”,甚至被香港和中国官员比作恐怖分子。

“不幸的是,暴力事件的增加在上下文中并不奇怪,”迪利尔反映道。“这是警察和抗议者之间的一个升级周期,反映了抗议者的紧迫感和政权不妥协的冲突。然而,人们不应忽视这场运动有多少保持了和平。"

Hong kong, protester, Molotov cocktail, police
2019年8月31日,香港政府总部外,一名抗议者向警察投掷莫洛托夫鸡尾酒。安东尼·华莱士/法新社/盖蒂图片社/盖蒂


HOW HONG KONG PROTESTERS' 'TENACIOUS' TACTICS ARE CONFOUNDING POLICE AND CHINA

What began as a protest against extradition legislation has morphed into an epic struggle for the future of Hong Kong.

Amid the city's gleaming skyscrapers, international corporate headquarters and luxury hotels, millions of people have taken to the streets in defiance of the influence of mainland China.

Hong Kong's unique status—conferred during its 1997 handover from British to Chinese control—has long been a political flashpoint, whether latent in times of relative calm or explosive during periods of anti-government and pro-democracy dissent.

The "one country, two systems" agreement afforded Hong Kong residents personal and political freedoms not enjoyed by their mainland compatriots. However, the handover agreement only guaranteed these rights until 2047.

At the time, the West hoped that the lure of global markets and greater prosperity would pull the Chinese government towards liberalism, and perhaps even democracy. This hope has proved misplaced. Under President Xi Jinping, China is ready to forge a path to superpower status, its domestic power secured by a one-party, authoritarian surveillance state.

The protesters in Hong Kong appear to be fighting a losing battle. Every year the territory is less vital to China's growing economy, as megacities like Shanghai and Beijing—among others—become more attractive financial centers. And for all the warm words from abroad, no nation will be willing to risk relations with China over what Beijing has termed a domestic dispute.

But the activists have surprised the Hong Kong and Chinese governments with their numbers, tenacity and ingenuity. Rarely has a street protest movement been so well coordinated, supplied or prolonged.

Hong Kong, protesters, police, tactics, lasers
Protestors shine laser pointers during a clash at Admiralty district on August 31, 2019 in Hong Kong, China.BILLY H.C. KWOK/GETTY IMAGES/GETTY

High-tech, low-tech

All this is even more impressive given that the demonstrations have no defined leaders. The movement grew organically, spreading via online forums like LIHKG—similar to Reddit—and group chats on the encrypted Telegram messaging app.

Some of the larger Telegram groups have tens of thousands of members. Users share news updates, information about police deployments, escape routes and targets for protests. There are different chats for different targets, allowing large groups of activists to work independently.

The app's poll function allows users to vote instantly on whether to stay at a demonstration or disperse. Last month, for example, protesters on Telegram voted 79 percent in favor of targeting Hong Kong's international airport, forcing hundreds of flights to be canceled.

Protesters have developed a simple yet effective system of hand signals to communicate with one another amid the chaos of street clashes, according to Hong Kong-based writer and lawyer Antony Dapiran.

Different signs can indicate a need for helmets, water, saline solutions, scissors or umbrellas, among others. This goes some way to explaining why the demonstrators so often seem to have all they need at hand, and the uncanny ability of supply teams to always be where needed.

During the protests, demonstrators use a complex system of hand signals and coordination to organize the masses. pic.twitter.com/uOJ5dvAP2w

— Haley Willis (@heytherehaIey) August 10, 2019

"Be water"

All this means protesters can "be shapeless, formless, like water," as movie star Bruce Lee once said. Eschewing the occupy tactics of past protest movements, the activists are instead moving regularly, suddenly and in force. Police have struggled to pin them down and react to simultaneous actions in different areas. This has led to some observers terming the unrest the "Water Revolution."

The 2014 Umbrella Movement struggled to maintain popular support because of its disruption of daily life in Hong Kong. Eventually, people became tired of not being able to access certain areas of downtown. This time, however, it's different. Periodic disruption is far more palatable, and changing targets mean the chaos is spread around.

Jacques deLisle, a professor at the University of Pennsylvania Law School and an expert in Chinese law and politics, said the persistence of the movement is notable, "despite the harsh measures by the [Hong Kong] government and threats from Beijing."

"Be water" seems to be working better than occupy. "Perhaps because they generate less blowback from a frustrated public, perhaps because they demand less from participants, perhaps because they are less easily stopped," deLisle suggested.

Rachel Yeo, a locally based journalist who has been covering protests on the ground, explained to Newsweek that with "no single person giving orders" it also lessens the risk of arrest for individual demonstrators, while increasing their overall potency.

Activists have also learned lessons from the government's persecution of the Umbrella Movement's leaders. Then, crowds would more readily show their faces. But mindful of the prison sentences handed to those leaders and China's surveillance capabilities, Yeo said that marchers today use masks, sunglasses, hats and other clothing to hide their identities "as much as possible."

This decentralized movement makes it hard for police to cut the head off the snake, though police have targeted leaders of past movements to kill their momentum.

Pro-democracy activist Joshua Wong, for example, emerged as a prominent leader in the Umbrella Movement and was only recently released from prison. When released on bail, Wongsaid it was "ridiculous" for the police to be framing him and other pro-democracy advocates "as the leaders of the anti-extradition bill protests."

Hong Kong, protesters, tear gas, police
Protesters pour water onto a traffic cone used to contain tear gas fired by the police in the Admiralty area during a general strike in Hong Kong on August 5, 2019.ANTHONY WALLACE/AFP/GETTY IMAGES/GETTY

On the front lines

Indeed, Hong Kong authorities seem to have been caught flat-footed by the movement. "They do not seem to have anticipated the tenacity and adaptability of the protesters," explained deLisle.

"It's evident both in their reactive quest for new tactics and their resort to brutal measures, sometimes in a seemingly panicked manner, which has greatly damaged the once highly-positive reputation of the Hong Kong police," he added.

The leaderless crowds have proven themselves adept at battling Hong Kong's police force, which in the space of a few months has gone from a respected symbol of the territory to a despised institution among protesters.

As the unrest has dragged on, police have grown increasingly violent. Pepper spray, baton charges, tear gas, water cannons, beanbag rounds and rubber bullets have all been used against the crowds.

Barrages of tear gas—sometimes allegedly fired without heeding legal safety requirements—especially, have been a favored method to clear crowds without having to engage directly.

Protesters have amazed social media users with their rapid response tactics to snuff out the potent chemical weapon. Activists have organized small teams of so-called "firefighters" who wait just behind the front line, armed with water, traffic cones and masks.

When a gas shell lands, they rush forward and place the cone over the round. They then pour water down the opening at the top of the cone, dousing the shell while containing much of the gas. Individuals armed with water bottles and flasks have achieved the same, popping shells into the containers to disarm them before dumping the spent cartridges back onto the street.

Truly awesome the way Hong Kongers deal with tear gas.#antiELAB #HongKongProtests#BeWaterpic.twitter.com/ptWL4nKHn4

— Alex Hofford (@alexhofford) July 28, 2019

I and others saw this and sent it out saying this badass protester used liquid nitrogen to disable the canister of tear gas.

That information is incorrect, it is apparently just mud, which is good news because that’s a whole lot easier to come by.

pic.twitter.com/a0cj8VX1fq

— Joshua Potash 🆘 (@JoshuaPotash) September 3, 2019

This prompted the emergence of so-called "frontliners"—young activists armed with largely rudimentary weapons who take to the front line with the express purpose of fighting police officers and protecting marchers. Whether throwing Molotov cocktails, putting up barricades or destroying facial recognition cameras, the frontliners are the tip of the spear.

As police approach, protesters throw petrol bombs from a bridge above, and police unleash volleys of tear gas in response. pic.twitter.com/Cw3xIMzoEc

— Antony Dapiran (@antd) August 31, 2019
 

"They are generally praised by other pro-democracy supporters for their bravery, despite the violence," Yeo explained. "On the other hand, they are also criticized by police/government supporters for committing unlawful acts." These are the "rioters" so maligned by the government, and have even been compared to terrorists by both Hong Kong and Chinese officials.

"The increase in violence is, sadly, not surprising in context," deLisle reflected. "It's been a cycle of escalation between police and protesters and it reflects the collision of protesters' sense of urgency and regime intransigence. One should not lose sight however of how much of the movement has remained peaceful."

Hong kong, protester, Molotov cocktail, police
A protester throws a Molotov cocktail towards police outside the government headquarters in Hong Kong on August 31, 2019.ANTHONY WALLACE/AFP/GETTY IMAGES/GETTY

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