随着美军从阿富汗大部分地区撤出，极端激进组织塔利班已经占领了阿富汗首都。
该组织表示将根据伊斯兰教法统治这个国家许多阿富汗国民表示，他们担心塔利班会重新执行这一严厉的解释在小组最后一次统治的时候见过阿富汗上世纪90年代。
塔利班此前对与通奸、亵渎、不遵守着装规范、与美国政府合作等相关的违法行为实施了严厉的处罚，包括死刑。
律师兼伊斯兰教法专家阿贝德·阿瓦德(Abed Awad)说，塔利班人用伊斯兰教法(或“伊斯兰法”)来描述他们的法律体系，导致了对宗教习俗的误解。
阿瓦德说:“你在新闻中看到的是伊斯兰教法的政治化，只把它视为政治选举或政府的运动。“人们怀念这个真正美好的道德和伦理框架，这个框架是穆斯林处理日常事务的基础。”
什么是Shariah?
伊斯兰教法是许多穆斯林遵循的道德指南，它以伊斯兰教的圣书《古兰经》的教义为基础，据中东研究所称。Shariah在日常决策中帮助穆斯林，在人际冲突、责任、健康相关和财务决策中指导人们。
阿瓦德说:“它引导我们成为正直的人，成为好邻居、富有同情心的母亲、提供父亲、忠诚的配偶、保护性的父母、照顾老人。“这才是这对全世界18亿穆斯林真正的意义所在。”
例如，阿瓦德说，一些穆斯林妇女戴头巾，一些不戴——这两个群体对谦虚原则的解释不同。
圣训、圣训和圣训的教义经常补充伊斯兰教法。圣训是关于先知穆罕默德生活的著作的集合，而圣训是实践、行为、言语和行动的集合。这些也有助于引导许多穆斯林的道德选择。
阿瓦德说，伊斯兰教法的结果是“Fiqh”，在阿拉伯语中是“理解”的意思。它指的是从伊斯兰教法中获得的道德和伦理理解，伊斯兰教法是一个人基于伊斯兰教义为自己制定的规则。
但据阿瓦德说，对伊斯兰教法没有单一的理解。
许多伊斯兰研究人员和专家说，塔利班的解释是一种极端主义的解释，它是作为一种严格的法律制度而不是个人的道德准则来实施的。
阿瓦德说:“他们用伊斯兰教法作为武器，给他们一些合法性。阿瓦德声称，他们严格、暴力的法律制度是基于宗教理由，他说这似乎被用作辩护。
塔利班过去是如何实施伊斯兰教法的?
专家说，在90年代塔利班统治期间，该组织强制执行对伊斯兰教法的严厉、危险的解释。
“这是一个非常残酷的社会，”美国广播公司新闻撰稿人、前美国国土安全官员伊丽莎白·诺依曼说。“这是他们保持控制的方式。如果你越界了——不管规则是什么——你很可能会被处决、扔石头或以某种方式被虐待。”
诺伊曼说，被指控违反“伊斯兰法律”的人可能会被石头砸死、双手被砍掉或被公开处决。
目前还不清楚到底有多少人因被认为的侵权行为而被塔利班杀害或致残。
许多目前试图逃跑的阿富汗国民害怕重新掌权对那些公开反对塔利班的人，或者那些援助阿富汗和美国政府的人意味着什么。
根据记录平民伤亡的联合国阿富汗援助团的数据，2021年迄今为止，塔利班造成了5183名平民伤亡中的39%。
美国已经计划好了在8月31日前从阿富汗完全撤军，但美国总统拜登告诉美国广播公司新闻记者乔治·斯特凡诺普洛斯，最后期限可能会延长，直到所有美国人都离开该国。
这对阿富汗的妇女权利有什么影响?
塔利班文化委员会成员伊纳穆拉·萨曼甘尼，塔利班将为妇女提供“工作和学习的环境”从现在开始，女性将会出现在他们的政府中。
据在阿富汗有家人的难民说，塔利班官员发誓“根据伊斯兰法律”继续尊重妇女权利，但许多阿富汗妇女担心实际上会发生什么。
“他们声称他们正在改变，但我知道他们没有，”一位名叫莎安娜米黄的阿富汗前难民说，她只能说出自己的名字，因为她担心家人在阿富汗的安全。“他们只是在等待美军撤离该国。”
她说，塔利班还没有任何改变的迹象。
根据世界银行汇编的数据，1800多万妇女生活在阿富汗，约占人口的一半，其中大多数年龄在35岁以下。
莎安娜米黄说，该国许多妇女担心，塔利班会恢复上世纪90年代的压迫策略——让妇女呆在家里，不让她们工作或上学，强迫她们从头到脚穿罩袍，强迫她们结婚，并严厉惩罚那些不服从的人。
“上世纪90年代，他们来的时候，我还是个小孩子。我当时大约13岁，但我仍然记得那时，那对我来说是一场噩梦，”莎安娜米黄说。“在塔利班到来之前，我们在阿富汗有所有这些女性活动家、人权活动家。...当塔利班来的时候，每个人都沉默了。”
诺依曼说:“作为一个女人，你甚至不被允许在没有男性亲属陪同的情况下离开家庭。然而，自2000年代初塔利班在阿富汗大部分地区被赶下台以来，阿富汗已经朝着平等迈出了步伐。
诺依曼补充说:“女孩一直在上学，女性已经能够进入高级大学并开始职业生涯，能够拥有自由。
正因为如此，以及塔利班使用“伊斯兰法”来描述其严厉的规则、限制和政策，阿瓦德说，西方人对伊斯兰教法的误解助长了伊斯兰恐惧症和仇外心理。
阿瓦德说:“(人们认为)这是一场极权主义运动，伊斯兰教法是一场即将接管美国的运动。“Shariah涵盖了一切，从我们的饮食方式，我们如何对待动物，我们如何保护环境，我们与穷人和穷人分享财富的义务。...这是一种非常个人化的生活方式。”
What is Shariah? And how have Afghan women fared under the Taliban?
The Taliban, an extremist militant group, has taken over Afghanistan's capital as U.S. troops have withdrawn from much of the country.
The group has said it will rule the country based on Shariah, or Islamic law, andmany Afghan nationals have said they fear that the Taliban will reimplement the harsh interpretationseen when the group last ruledAfghanistanin the 1990s.
The Taliban previously has imposed harsh penalties, including death sentences, for infractions linked to adultery, blasphemy, non-compliance with dress codes, working with the U.S. government and more.
Abed Awad, a lawyer and Shariah law expert, said that the Taliban's use of Shariah, or "Islamic law" to describe their legal system has led to a misunderstanding of the religious practice.
"What you see in the news is the politicization of Shariah, looking at it only as a movement for political elections or for government," Awad said. "People miss this really beautiful moral and ethical framework that is on a Muslim to conduct his daily affairs."
What is Shariah?
Shariah is the moral guide many Muslims follow that operates based on the teaching of the Quran, Islam's holy book,according to the Middle East Institute. Shariah helps Muslims in everyday decision making, guiding people in interpersonal conflicts, responsibilities, health-related and financial decisions.
"It guides us to be righteous humans, to be good neighbors, compassionate mothers, providing fathers, loyal spouses, protective parents, care for the elderly," Awad said. "That's what this really means to 1.8 billion Muslims in the world."
For example, Awad said, some Muslim women wear hijabs and some don't -- both groups interpret the principle of modesty differently.
The teachings of the sacred texts, Hadith and Sunna, often supplement Shariah. Hadith is a collection of writings about the Prophet Muhammed’s life and Sunna is the collection of practices, deeds, words and actions. These also help guide many Muslims in their moral choices.
Awad said that the outcome of Shariah is "Fiqh," which means “understanding” in Arabic. It refers to the moral and ethical understanding that is gained from Shariah -- the rules that one sets for themselves based on the Islamic guidance.
But there isn't a single understanding of Shariah, according to Awad.
Many Islamic researchers and experts have said that the Taliban's interpretation is an extremist interpretation, and that it's implemented as a strict legal system instead of a moral code for the individual.
"They use Shariah as a weapon to give them some legitimacy," Awad said. By claiming that their strict, violent legal system is based on religious grounds, Awad said it’s seemingly used as justification.
How has the Taliban implemented Shariah in the past?
During Taliban rule in the '90s, the group enforced harsh, dangerous interpretations of Shariah as law, experts said.
"It was a very brutal society," said Elizabeth Neumann, an ABC News contributor and former U.S. homeland security official. "That was their way of maintaining control. If you stepped out of line -- whatever the rules were -- you were likely to be executed or stoned or abused in some way."
Neumann said people accused of violating "Islamic law" could be stoned to death, have their hands cut off or subject to a public execution.
It's unclear exactly how many people have been killed or maimed by the Taliban for perceived violations.
Many Afghan nationals currently trying to escape are afraid of what a return to power could mean for those who spoke out against the Taliban, or those who aided the Afghan and U.S. governments.
According to United Nations Assistance Mission In Afghanistan, which documents civilian casualties, the Taliban is responsible for 39% of 5,183 civilian casualties so far in 2021.
The U.S.had plannedto completely withdraw American troops from Afghanistan by Aug. 31, but President Joe Biden told ABC News' George Stephanopoulos that the deadline might be extended until every American is out of the country.
How does this affect women's rights in Afghanistan?
A member of the Taliban's cultural commission, Enamullah Samangani,said that the Taliban will provide women with the "environment to work and study"and that women will be present in their government from now on.
Taliban officials have sworn to continue to honor women's rights "according to Islamic law," but many Afghan women fear what actually will happen, according to refugees with family back in Afghanistan.
"They claim they are changing, but I know they are not," said an Afghan ex-refugee named Shabnam, who could only share her first name because she feared for her family's safety in Afghanistan. "They are just waiting for the U.S. troops to get out of the country."
She said the Taliban has yet to show any signs of changing.
More than 18 million women live in Afghanistan, making up roughly half the population, according to data compiled by the World Bank, and the majority are under the age of 35.
Shabnam said many women in the country fear that the Taliban will revert to their oppressive tactics seen in the 1990s -- keeping women at home, not letting them work or attend school, forcing them to wear burqas from head to toe, forcing them to marry and harshly punishing those who don't comply.
“In the 1990s, when they came, I was a little kid. I was 13 years old or so, but I still remember at that time, it was a nightmare for me,” Shabnam said. “We had all these woman activists, human rights activists in Afghanistan before the Taliban came. ... When the Taliban came, everybody was silenced."
"You weren't even allowed to leave the household without a male relative escorting you, as a woman," Neumann said. However, since the Taliban was ousted from power in the majority of Afghanistan in the early 2000s, there have been steps taken toward equality.
"Girls have been going to school, women have been able to go to advanced universities and start careers, and be able to have freedoms," Neumann added.
Because of this -- and the Taliban's use of the term "Islamic law" to describe its harsh rules, restrictions and policies -- Awad said the misunderstanding around Shariah by people in the West has fueled Islamophobia and xenophobia.
"[People think] the idea is a totalitarian movement, that Shariah is a movement coming to take over America," Awad said. "Shariah covers everything from the way we eat, how we treat animals, how we protect the environment, our obligation to share our wealth with the indigent and the poor. ... It's a very personal lifestyle."
