周一，明尼阿波利斯警察局长梅达里亚·阿雷东多在德里克·肖万谋杀案的审判中出庭作证，证实这名前警官在致命的逮捕中违反了许多使用武力和道德的政策乔治·弗洛伊德，包括警队的基本座右铭“以勇气保护，以爱心服务。”

Arradondo是迄今为止为检方作证的最引人注目的证人，他一页又一页地查阅了他的警察部队关于使用武力、降级和最佳做法的政策，其中一些是他亲自写的。

检察官史蒂夫·施莱歇尔(Steve Schleicher)问阿雷东多(Arradondo)，他是否会描述肖万在2020年5月25日对弗洛伊德使用的武力是恰当的，并且符合明尼阿波利斯警察的训练。

“我绝对不同意这一点，”阿雷东多回答。“这种行为不是降级，当我们谈论生命神圣的框架时，当我们谈论我们拥有的原则和价值观时，这种行为与我们被教导的相反。”

法院电视/法新社通过盖蒂图像

明尼阿波利斯市警察局长德出庭作证

Arradondo说，他是根据弗洛伊德被宣布死亡后几个小时内他审查的警方身体摄像头、监控和旁观者视频得出结论的。

在被展示了一张被描述为“证据17”的照片后，肖万用膝盖在弗洛伊德的脖子上挖了9分29秒，而这名戴着手铐的46岁黑人男子俯卧在地上，另外两名警察按住他。局长说，这种战术不是他的警察被训练使用的那种“有意识的颈部约束”。

“有意识的颈部约束政策提到了轻度到中度的压力。他说:“当我看第17号展品时，当我看弗洛伊德先生的面部表情时，它没有以任何方式、形状或形式表现出轻到中度的压力。”

当被问及肖万对弗洛伊德采取的克制是否违反了部门政策时，阿雷东多回答说，“我绝对同意这违反了我们的政策。”

“必须是客观合理的。我们必须考虑情况、信息、对官员的威胁、对他人的威胁以及威胁的严重性。所以这不是我们政策的一部分。这不是我们所教导的，也是应该被宽恕的，”他补充道。

施莱歇尔问阿雷东多，他对肖万何时应该停止对弗洛伊德使用克制有什么看法。

“一旦弗洛伊德先生，这是基于我对视频的观察，停止反抗，当然，一旦他陷入困境并试图用语言表达出来，那就应该停止，”阿雷东多说。“继续对一个被铐在背后的人施加这种程度的力，绝不是政策规定的形状或形式。这不是我们培训的一部分，当然也不是我们道德或价值观的一部分。”

Arradondo还说，令人不安的是，肖万和其他限制弗洛伊德的官员没有提供急救，尽管他们检查了脉搏，但没有发现脉搏。

“我同意被告在提供援助方面违反了我们的政策，”阿雷东多说。

当施莱歇尔试图确定弗洛伊德与肖万和其他三名参与逮捕的官员的遭遇时，阿雷东多被要求阅读他所在部门的程序手册的一个关键部分，但被禁止在陪审团面前讨论他的决定。

美联社法庭电视

辩护律师埃里克·尼尔森(左)和被告前明尼阿波利斯警官德里克·乔维

“要有礼貌、恭敬、礼貌、专业。Arradondo在阅读培训手册时说:“确保拘留时间不超过对已知或可疑的犯罪采取适当行动所必需的时间。”

Arradondo还详细介绍了官员们被要求遵循的降级程序，称这实际上是试图延长“时间、选项和资源”。

他说，官员们受过训练，知道如何评估他们遇到的医疗条件、精神障碍、发育障碍的主题，以及他们是否处于行为危机的阵痛中或受到药物的影响。阿雷东多说，警官们每年都要接受这方面的再培训。

他说，在事件发生期间，弗洛伊德似乎没有对警察或其他公民构成威胁，并补充说，弗洛伊德不应该因试图用伪造的20美元钞票购买一包香烟的轻罪而被逮捕，这是一种轻罪。

他说，肖万的行动非但没有使局势降级，反而使局势升级。

“这实际上主要是试图提供一个稳定局势、缓和局势的机会。我们的目标是获得一个安全和平的结果，”Arradondo在宣读该部门的道德准则时作证说。

在一个戏剧性的时刻，阿雷东多指着坐在被告席上的肖万，认出他穿着蓝色西装，浅蓝色领带和白色衬衫。

在与弗洛伊德相遇的第二天，警长终止了肖万长达19年的警察生涯。

在反诘问中，肖万的律师埃里克·尼尔森试图通过询问酋长最后一次逮捕一名好斗的人是什么时候，来破坏阿雷东多早先的证词。

“已经很多年了，”阿雷东多说。

警察训练主任作证

明尼阿波利斯警察总监凯蒂·布莱克威尔(Katie Blackwell)在弗洛伊德去世时是该部门的培训指挥官，他作证说，肖万接受了最新程序和实践的全面培训，并在2020年3月接受了从防御战术到急救的各种在职再培训。

布莱克威尔作证说，她已经认识肖万将近20年了，甚至选择他作为一名战地训练官。她说，肖万在2018年参加了国防部的野外训练官员项目。

布莱克威尔说:“我们试图确保他们理解新兵所学的东西，因为他们会在外面对他们进行评估，他们是那个年轻新兵最接近主管的人。”

她看到一张肖万跪在弗洛伊德脖子上的照片，施莱歇尔问她，这是不是她在监管训练单位时教的一种训练技巧。

“不是，”布莱克威尔回应道。

当被问及原因时，布莱克威尔说:“我不知道那是什么样的即兴表演。所以，这不是我们训练的。”

宣布弗洛伊德死亡的医生

宣布弗洛伊德死亡的布拉德福德·拉格恩菲尔德医生是周一第一个被传唤为保护作证的证人，他说弗洛伊德可能死于窒息。

2020年5月弗洛伊德去世时，兰根菲德是亨内平县医疗中心急诊室的高级住院医生，他详细描述了他和他的团队在执行一系列程序以确定是否有机会救活弗洛伊德时的发烧速度，一度切开了病人的胸部。

乔治·弗洛伊德被带到亨内平县医疗中心时，兰根菲德是急诊室值班的高级住院医生。他接替了护理人员对弗洛伊德的护理，护理人员上周作证说，弗洛伊德的心脏“瘪了”，用外行人的话来说，当他们把他送到医院时，他已经死了。

通过路透社

亨内平县医疗中心的急诊室医生布拉德福德·万海德·兰根夫医生

这名医生作证说，根据他在医院进行的测试以及他从护理人员那里收到的报告，他认为弗洛伊德心脏骤停的主要原因是缺氧或窒息，而不是辩方所说的心脏病发作或药物过量。

他还说，在警察等待护理人员到达时，弗洛伊德缺乏急救，这极大地减少了弗洛伊德复活的机会，他说，每分钟不进行心肺复苏术，存活率就会下降10%至15%。

在交叉询问中，尼尔森试图将弗洛伊德的死亡与芬太尼和甲基苯丙胺联系起来，这两种药物是在尸检过程中在他体内发现的。朗根菲尔德同意纳尔逊的观点，即使用这些药物会导致呼吸急促，抑制一个人的呼吸。

Key takeaways from Day 6 of Derek Chauvin's trial in George Floyd's death

Minneapolis Police Chief Medaria Arradondo took the witness stand in the murder trial of Derek Chauvin on Monday and testified the former officer violated numerous use-of-force and ethics policies in the fatal arrest ofGeorge Floyd, including the force's underlying motto to "protect with courage and serve with compassion."

Arradondo, the highest-profile witness yet to testify for the prosecution, went over page after page of his police force's policies on use-of-force, de-escalation and best practices, some of which he personally wrote.

Prosecutor Steve Schleicher asked Arradondo if he would describe the force Chauvin used on Floyd on May 25, 2020, as proper and according to the training of Minneapolis police officers.

"I absolutely do not agree with that," Arradondo answered. "That action is not de-escalation and when we talk about the framework of our sanctity of life and when we talk about the principles and values that we have that action goes contrary to what we're taught."

Arradondo said he drew his conclusions based on police body-camera, surveillance and bystander video he reviewed in the hours after Floyd was pronounced dead.

After being shown a photo, described as "Exhibit 17," of Chauvin digging his knee into Floyd's neck for 9 minutes and 29 seconds while the handcuffed 46-year-old Black man was prone on the ground with two other officers holding him down, the chief said the tactic was not the type of "conscious neck restraint" his officers have been trained to use.

"A conscious neck restraint by policy mentions light to moderate pressure. When I look at Exhibit 17 and when I look at the facial expression of Mr. Floyd, that does not appear in any way, shape or form that that is light to moderate pressure," he said.

Asked if the restraint Chauvin used on Floyd was a violation of department policy, Arradondo answered, "I absolutely agree that violates our policy."

"It has to be objectively reasonable. We have to take into account the circumstances, information, the threat to the officer, the threat to others, the severity of that. So that is not part of our policy. That is not what we teach and that should be condoned," he added.

Schleicher asked Arradondo if he has an opinion on when Chauvin should have stopped using the restraint on Floyd.

"Once Mr. Floyd, and this is based on my viewing of the videos, had stopped resisting and certainly once he was in distress and trying to verbalize that, that should have stopped," Arradondo said. "To continue to apply that level of force to a person proned out, handcuffed behind his back, that in no way shape or form is anything that is by policy. It's not part of our training and it is certainly not part of our ethics or values."

Arradondo also said that it was troubling to see that Chauvin, and the other officers who restrained Floyd, failed to provide first aid even though they had checked for a pulse and not found one.

"I agree the defendant violated our policy in terms of rendering aid," Arradondo said.

Arradondo was asked to read a key section of his department's procedure manual as Schleicher sought to establish how it pertained to the encounter Floyd had with Chauvin and three other officers involved in the arrest, but was precluded from discussing his decision in front of the jury.

"Be courteous, respectful, polite and professional. Ensure that the length of any detention is no longer than necessary to take appropriate action for the known or suspected offense," Arradondo said as he read the training manual.

Arradondo also went into great detail about the de-escalation procedures officers are mandated to follow, saying it's really about attempting to stretch out "time, options and resources."

He said officers are trained to know how to assess a subject they are encountering for medical conditions, mental impairment, developmental disabilities and whether they are in the throes of a behavioral crisis or under the influence of drugs. The officers are also retrained on this annually, Arradondo said.

He said Floyd did not appear to be a threat to the officers or other citizens during the incident, and added that Floyd should have never been arrested for the minor offense of trying to buy a pack of cigarettes with a phony $20 bill, which is a misdemeanor.

He said that instead of de-escalating the situation, Chauvin's actions escalated it.

"It's really primarily trying to provide an opportunity to stabilize a situation, to de-escalate it. The goal is having a safe and peaceful outcome," Arradondo testified, reading from the department's code of ethics.

In one dramatic moment, Arradondo pointed to Chauvin sitting at the defense table and identified him as wearing a blue suit, light blue tie and white shirt.

The chief terminated Chauvin's 19-year-career as a police officer a day after his encounter with Floyd.

During cross-examination, Chauvin's attorney, Eric Nelson, attempted to undermine Arradondo's earlier testimony, by asking when the last time the chief had made an arrest of a combative person.

"It's been a number of years," Arradondo said.

Head police trainer testifies

Minneapolis police Inspector Katie Blackwell, who was the department's training commander at the time of Floyd's death, testified that Chauvin was fully trained in the most current procedures and practices, and had undergone an in-service retraining in everything from defensive tactics to first aid in March of 2020.

Blackwell testified that she has known Chauvin for nearly 20 years and even selected him to be a field training officer. She said Chauvin went through the department's field-training officer program in 2018.

"We were trying to make sure that they understood what the recruits are being taught because they're going to evaluate them out there and they're the closest thing to a supervisor that that young recruit officer has," Blackwell said.

She was shown a photo of Chauvin kneeling on Floyd's neck and asked by Schleicher if that was a training technique taught at the time she was overseeing the training unit.

"It is not," Blackwell responded.

When asked why, Blackwell said, "I don't know what kind of improvised position that is. So, it's not what we train."

Doctor who pronounced Floyd dead

Dr. Bradford Lagenfeld, who declared Floyd dead, was the first witness called to testify for the protection on Monday and said Floyd likely died from asphyxia.

Langenfeld, who was a senior resident in the emergency room at Hennepin County Medical Center in May 2020, when Floyd died, detailed the feverish pace he and his team took in performing a series of procedures to determine if there was even a chance to revive Floyd, at one point cutting open the patient's chest.

Langenfeld was the senior resident on duty in the emergency room when George Floyd was brought to Hennepin County Medical Center. He took over Floyd's care from the paramedics who testified last week that Floyd's heart had "flatlined" and that, in layman's terms, he was dead when they transported him to the hospital.

The physician testified that he believed, based on the tests he was able to run at the hospital and also the reports he received from the paramedics, that the primary reason for Floyd's cardiac arrest was a lack of oxygen, or asphyxia, and not a heart attack or drug overdose as the defense contends.

He also said the lack of first aid rendered to Floyd as the officers waited for paramedics to arrive dramatically reduced the chances of reviving Floyd, saying that survival drops 10% to 15% each minute CPR is not administered.

On cross-examination, Nelson attempted to tie Floyd's death to fentanyl and methamphetamine -- drugs that were found in his system during an autopsy. Langenfeld agreed with Nelson that the use of those drugs can cause shortness of breath and suppress a person's breathing.